The implicit wait will tell the WebDriver to wait a certain amount of time before it throws a “No Such Element Exception.” 

The default setting of implicit wait is zero. Once you set the time, the web driver will wait for that particular amount of time before throwing an exception.

Syntax:

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

Explicit waits are a concept from the dynamic wait, which waits dynamically for specific conditions. It can be implemented by the WebDriverWait class

Syntax:
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 20);

WebElement element = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.id(“input”)));

JavascriptExecutor executor = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
executor.executeScript("document.getElementById("<<inputbox_id>>").value='new value’”);

driver.findElement(By.Id(“button_id”)).getAttribute(“text”);

driver.findElement(By.Id(“button_id”)).sendKeys(keys.ENTER);

driver.get() is used to navigate particular URL(website) and wait till page load.

driver.navigate() is used to navigate to particular URL and does not wait to page load. It maintains browser history or cookies to navigate back or forward.

We can pause test execution for 5 seconds by using the wait command.

Syntax:

driver.wait(5);

Selenium Grid is used to run tests on different machines against different browsers in parallel. We use Selenium Grid in the following scenarios:

Execute your test on different operating systems
Execute your tests on different versions of same browser
Execute your tests on multiple browsers
Execute your tests in parallel and multiple threads

• Hub is the central point to the entire GRID Architecture which receives all requests.
  There is only one hub in the selenium grid. Hub distributes the test cases across each node.

There can be multiple nodes in Grid.
Tests will run in nodes.
Each node communicates with the Hub and performs test assigned to it.

HTML UnitDriver is the most lightweight and fastest implementation headless browser for of WebDriver. It is based on HtmlUnit.
It is known as Headless Browser Driver.
It is same as Chrome, IE, or FireFox driver, but it does not have GUI so one cannot see the test execution on screen.

• TestNG
• JUnit
• Cucumber
• Robot Framework
• Appium
• Protractor

• navigate().to();
  navigate().forward();
  navigate().back();
  navigate().refresh();
  
  

• driver.manage().window().maximize();

Single Cookie Delete by Name
driver.manage.deleteCookieNamed(“hello”);
All the cookies
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();

driver.getWindowHandle() – To get the window handle of the current window. Returns a string of alphanumeric window handle

driver.getWinowHandles() – To get the window handle of all current windows. Return a set of window handles

We can use the JavaScriptExecutor to handle hidden elements.
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
js.executeScript("document.getElementById('displayed-text').value=texthHidden");

We can find more than one web element by using the findElements() method in Selenium.
List<WebElement> elements = driver.findElements(By.tagName(“a”));

• ID
• Name
• Tag
• Attribute
• CSS
• Linktext
• PartialLink Text
• XPath etc

Assert: In other words, the test will terminated at the point where check fails.
Verify: In verification, all the commands are going to run guaranteed even if any of test fails.

@Before public void method() – It will perform the method () before each test, this method can prepare the test

@Test public void method() – Annotations @Test identifies that this method is a test method environment

@After public void method()- To execute a method before this annotation is used, test method must start with test@Before

 Data Driven : The test data is separated and kept outside the Test Scripts, while Test Case logic resides in Test Scripts.

Keyword Driven  : The functionality of the application under test is documented in a table as well as step by step instructions for each test.

To switch between frames webdrivers [ driver.switchTo().frame() ] method takes one of the three possible arguments

A number: It selects the number by its (zero-based) index
A number or ID: Select a frame by its name or ID
Previously found WebElement: Using its previously located WebElement select a frame

Actions act = new Actions (driver);
act.doubleClick(webelement);

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
//Click on button using JS
js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", button);

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, waitTime);

wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(locator));

Page Object Model is a design pattern for creating an object repository for web UI elements.
Each web page in the application is required to have its own corresponding page class.
The page class is thus responsible for finding the WebElements in that page and then perform operations on those web elements.

Page Factory class in Selenium is an extension to the Page Object Design pattern. It is used to initialize the elements of the page object or instantiate the page objects itself.

Annotations in Page Factory are like this:
@FindBy(id = “userName”)
WebElement txt_UserName;

PageFactory.initElements(driver, Login.class);

Collection of web elements belonging to Application Under Test (AUT) along with their locator values.
Whenever the element is required within the script, the locator value can be populated from the Object Repository.
Objects can be stored in an excel sheet, Page Object Class.

​Its a Set of guidelines, coding standards, concepts, processes, practices, project hierarchies, modularity, reporting mechanism, test data injections etc. to pillar automation testing.

import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;
import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;

File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
// Code to copy the screenshot in the desired location
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("C:\\failscast1.jpg"))
}

driver.findElement(By.id(“inputid“)).getCssValue(“font-size”);
driver.findElement(By.id(“buttonid“)).getAttribute(“data”);

<input id=”inputid” style=”font-size:19px”/>
<button id=”buttonid” data=”hello”>Button</button>

driver.switchTo().frame(0); //Move inside to the frame.
WebElement body = driver.findElement(By.tagName("body"));
body.click();
WebElement from = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//your xpath"));
Actions act = new Actions(driver);
act.clickAndHold(from).build().perform();
Thread.sleep(4000);
driver.switchTo().defaultContent(); //Move outside to the frame.

driver.switchTo().frame(1); //Move inside to another frame.
WebElement body = driver.findElement(By.tagName("body"));
body.click();
WebElement to = driver.findElement(By.id("guide_RIGHT_SAFETY_rect"));
act.clickAndHold(to).moveToElement(to).release(to).build().perform();
Thread.sleep(2000);
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();

​1) void dismiss() – The dismiss() method clicks on the “Cancel” button as soon as the pop up window appears.

driver.switchTo().alert().dismiss();

2) void accept() – The accept() method clicks on the “Ok” button as soon as the pop up window appears.

driver.switchTo().alert().accept();

3) String getText() – The getText() method returns the text displayed on the alert box.

driver.switchTo().alert().getText();

4) void sendKeys(String stringToSend) – The sendKeys() method enters the specified string pattern into the alert box.

driver.switchTo().alert().sendKeys("Text");

close(): WebDriver’s close() method closes the web browser window that the user is currently working on or we can also say the window that is being currently accessed by the WebDriver. The command neither requires any parameter nor does it return any value.

quit(): Unlike close() method, quit() method closes down all the windows that the program has opened. Same as close() method, the command neither requires any parameter nor does is return any value.

selectByValue:
Select selectByValue = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id(“SelectID_One”)));
selectByValue.selectByValue(“greenvalue”);

selectByVisibleText:
Select selectByVisibleText = new Select (driver.findElement(By.id(“SelectID_Two”)));
selectByVisibleText.selectByVisibleText(“Lime”);

selectByIndex:
Select selectByIndex = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id(“SelectID_Three”)));
selectByIndex.selectByIndex(2);

Selenium WebDriver comes with a lot of expected conditions such as:

ExpectedCondition < WebElement > elementToBeClickable(By locator)

ExpectedCondition < Boolean > elementToBeSelected(By locator)

ExpectedCondition < WebElement > presenceOfElementLocated(By locator)

ExpectedCondition < Boolean > titleContains(String title)

ExpectedCondition < Boolean > titleIs(String title)

ExpectedCondition < Boolean > urlContains(String fraction)

ExpectedCondition < Boolean > urlToBe(String url)

ExpectedCondition < WebElement > visibilityOfElementLocated(By locator)

There are 2 main expected condition types that can be used with explicit waits:

WebElement searchButton = wait.until(elementToBeClickable(searchButtonXpath));

searchButton.click();

if (!wait.until(titleContains(resultsTitle)) || !wait.until(urlContains(resultsUrl)))

throw new RuntimeException("results page is not displayed");

• Selenium does not support testing desktop apps or native OS features.

• Selenium supports testing of only web based applications.

• Captcha and Bar code readers cannot be tested using Selenium.

• Selenium does not provide the Support of Reports. We have to use third party tools like TestNG or Junit.

• Selenium Grid is used to execute the test cases in different machines across different platforms
• Selenium Grid supports Distributed test execution.

Selenium provides the Javascript Executor functions.
You can use to get and set the local storage with this method.

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
js.executeScript(“return window.localStorage.getItem('key');”

You can use the command like
driver.switchTo(“iframid”).switchTo(“iframe”)

Start the Hub
java -jar selenium-server-standalone-3.14.jar -role hub
Connect Node to the Hub at localhost:4444
java –jar selenium-server-standalone-3.14.jar –role node –hub http://hubIP:4444/grid/register 

driver.get(baseUrl);
WebElement uploadElement = driver.findElement(By.id("uploadfile_0"));

// enter the file path onto the file-selection input field
uploadElement.sendKeys("C:\\file.text");

​Set<String> allWindows = driver.getWindowHandles();
String window1 = (String) allWindows.toArray()[0];
String window2 = (String) allWindows.toArray()[1];
driver.switchTo().window(window1);

Page Object Model is a design pattern to create an Object Repository for web UI elements.
Page Factory is a built-in class in Selenium for maintaining object repository.

driver.get(baseUrl);
WebElement uploadElement = driver.findElement(By.id("uploadfile_0"));
uploadElement.sendKeys("D:\\newhtml.txt");